Critical discussion of Business Ethics and the Internet Essay - 1

Critical discussion of Business Ethics and the Internet - Essay Example SNSs are also identified as medium assisting people and businesses in creating, exchanging as well as sharing information in an effective manner. The increased use of SNSs has raised the issue of business ethics in the present scenario owing to different implications that SNSs pose towards culture, society and politics, which seems to influence behaviour as well as opinions of people especially of children in tremendous manner. In this regard, businesses adopts different business ethics or ‘corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) policy with the aim of ensuring that privacy and identity of individuals are protected. Additionally, business ethics are adopted with the aim of minimising cybercrime, scams and gambling, which might adversely affect the attitudes of children (Guffey & Loewy, 2013; Jurisova, 2013). In the present business scenario, business ethics play an effective role in ensuring that business operations are conducted in a socially responsible manner. Business ethics are standards along with principles adopted with the intention of ensuring that business operations are performed in adherence with acceptable conducts. Business organisations use SNSs as an effective medium of communicating with customers and other stakeholders successfully. Businesses are identified to adopt stockholders theories in seeking that resources are used with better social responsibility in order to accomplish desired business profitability successfully (Smith & et. al., 2011; Fernanda, 2009). Businesses with the assistance of SNSs are facilitated in conducting business operations with better profit maximization objectives. Businesses are recognised to adopt SNSs with the intention of conducting advertising as well as sales operations in worldwide market segments for obtaining large customer base and supporting their profit earning capabilities. Currently, children are recognised to use to SNSs in an immense manner for gaming, communication and making online friends.

Extracurricular Activities in a Students Life Essay Example for Free

Extracurricular Activities in a Students Life Essay Extracurricular activities can empower students to make their own decisions and help them gain vital experience and skills to lead them on the path to their future. The Facts According to the Montana State University Extension Service, students involved in extracurricular activities are more likely to become leaders, more willing to complete tasks, more willing to voice opinions, and more likely to graduate from high school and have annual incomes of more than $50,000. Extracurricular activities are also a good way to explore social, political, and career interests. Gain Experience through Extracurricular Activities Extracurricular activities help students gain experience in a variety of areas that will enhance their future. Through participation in sports, students learn cooperation, teamwork and time management. By serving as an officer in an organization, students learn responsibility, problem solving and communication. Extracurricular activities can also help students discover hidden talents, meet people they might otherwise not encounter, and learn about things outside their own environment. How to Choose an Activity But which activities should a student choose? Should they choose activities that use talents they already possess and meet people with similar talents, or should they choose something new and different and meet people who possess different opinions and skills? Some students are comfortable with growth while others will feel more comfortable with familiarity. If a student enjoys outdoor activities, he or she may want to look into archery clubs, horseback riding or other sports. If a student enjoys reading he or she may also enjoy literary clubs, writing clubs or journalism activities. Extracurricular activities are also a good way to learn appreciation for new and different activities. A student who would ordinarily choose football or baseball might think about exposing themselves to archery or bird watching. Choosing something outside a students comfort zone widens horizons and expands knowledge. Being open to new avenues by joining the newspaper staff, the computer club or the decorative painters club will expose students to new people and new ideas. What Activities Are Available? Activities can be found by checking with school counselors, reading the club section of the local newspaper, calling the Chamber of Commerce, asking other students what activities they are involved in and checking with area churches. Information on volunteer activities can often be obtained from community service organizations or teachers. Teachers can be a wealth of information concerning work-study programs, internships and summer jobs; all of which help students build their resume and gain valuable experience in their career field. If a student has already chosen a career path, extracurricular activities can help pave the way. If he or she is interested in teaching science, being an officer in the science club or entering the local science fair can show commitment. Community service at a nearby pharmacy or volunteering at a lab at a nearby hospital or plant can also give experience in the chosen field and can be included on a resume. Ask Questions It’s important to inquire about the organization. Is there a cost involved? Will participants be asked to raise money? How often does the organization meet? Are evenings and weekends involved? Are outside activities required? How many hours will the organization’s activities entail? Checking school and work schedules should also be done before joining any organization. Extracurricular activities are important, but they shouldnt take up all of a students time outside the school day. There should still be time for homework, chores, relaxing, and spending time with friends and family. A combination of all these are an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Extracurricular activities should complement a students life, not complicate it. When students are involved in too many activities or in an activity that takes up too much time, students will become stressed and grades and family relationships begin to suffer. Students should be careful not to overextend themselves by taking on too many activities or volunteering for too many jobs or committees in an organization. Serving as an Officer of an Organization Serving as an officer of an organization can also teach a variety of skills. Leadership and management responsibilities can be gained through serving as President. Recorders or Secretaries gain experience in writing and journalism. Treasurers gain bookkeeping and money handling experience. Each office holds valuable skills that can be used in the future. Many students who ran for Student Body President of their school have gone on to become Chief Executive Officer of an organization or President of their own company. Running for office also gives students experience in campaign management, advertisement and people skills. Some students may choose to get to know an organization better before becoming an officer. They will still have opportunities to serve on committees or volunteer for projects throughout the year. Teamwork, communication and organization skills are all gained by serving on a committee or working on a club project. Commitment Learning to stick with an activity from start to finish is another important lesson of extracurricular activities. Once a commitment to a club, activity or committee is made, students should hang in there even if the activity isnt quite what they expected. By learning to see activities through to the end, students learn valuable lessons they will use later in life. They will be less likely to drop out of school, less likely to quit a job and less likely to walk away from a relationship prematurely. Gain Vital Experience and Skills for the Future Experience gained from extracurricular activities will follow students throughout their lives. It is surprising to note that when the top two candidates in the running for a job are closely matched, something like Eagle Scout listed on their resume can help decide the tie. Prestigious honors like National Honor Society, English Honor Society or Gamma Beta Phi are noticed by potential employers. They look for competent workers that are go-getters and are willing to get involved and go the extra mile. Even something like Scouting or 4-H tells employers about the person behind the resume. Taking the time to get involved in extracurricular activities will benefit students in a variety of ways. Time away from the school day through participation in extracurricular activities can also serve as an outlet for stress and a way to build confidence and self-esteem. Students need encouragement to pursue their dreams. Not only will it empower them to make their own decisions, they will also be given a chance to gain vital experience and skills that will lead them on the path to their future.

Big Data Applications and Overview

Big Data Applications and Overview In the past two decades, extensive progress and generation of data in information technology has led to rise in massive volume of data from different sources such as social networking, online business services, web based applications and mobile devices. The data here is in structured, semi-structured and unstructured format. Since our traditional database systems cannot handle complex unstructured data and the size which it is coming in, Big Data comes into picture. To put in simple words, the volume, velocity, veracity and variety of data is enormous. The reason behind why we are looking at these types of data to process is that it can be used to improve, analyse, develop and relate business solutions through analysis. Big data storage and processing can be achieved through variety of models available in NoSQL databases based on suitable type of data for respective models. Although there are a lot of feasible solutions obtained through data mining in Big Data, issues such as allocat ion of resources and requirement of storage device arise. Recently, data management systems are dominated by Hadoop based architecture. https://www.vormetric.com/data-security-solutions/use-cases/big-data-security Online and Offline Big data Fig. Big Data Model (Goldberg, n.d.) The data generation possibilities are spread over wide spectrum in Information technology field, it can be classified into two types such as online and offline. Online data is a type of data where it is generated continuously through real time systems. For a reference, it could be live video, a banking transaction or stock exchange data. It can be referred as a data which is created, absorbed, processed and transformed in real-time in order to support ongoing applications and online users. As it is flowing in real time data abeyance must be very low and availability of data must be prompt in order to cope up with the expectations of user. (MongoDB, 2016) Fig. Online Big Data (MongoDB, 2016) Fig. Offline Big Data (MongoDB, 2016) Offline data is a type of data where the data is in static form and it can be used in offline environment to analyse but the big data technologies with suitable available tool or technology. Over here the data is not newly created but over the period of time with the help of batch jobs. In this case, latency of data can be high compared with those of online systems and hence these systems can go offline without impacting any of the users or end product. Availability of system can be of low priority, big data technologies can perform complex analysis. Existing examples of offline big data technologies are data warehouse or a storage technology which is used to accommodate bulk data as a static. (MongoDB, 2016) Scalability Although it cannot be purely categorised as failure of the RDBMS systems, it can be addressed as a trait which can be an eventual roadblock for a traditional database trying to scale out in order to handle increasing data and performance gains though hardware, storage upgrade. Even if database up gradation is planned it has to go through a time consuming process while keeping the system offline. A point where upgrading limit of a system reaches to its maximum which is imminent as per the current rate of rising data over the period of time, more flexible systems are needed to store big data in efficient way. (Allen, 2016) Recommendation Sharding is the method which can be effectively used in RDBMS by dividing data into different table and treating the tables as lookup. Scaling is not an issue in big data technologies as the databases are created in such a way that they can be expanded with cheap commodity servers. Cassandra, MongoDB, Redis are the common databases used on high scale. Economics High management As traditional database systems use proprietary servers in contrast to systems which are divided in form of clusters in big data technologies using low cost commodity server, the cost of expansion is much higher than the big data technology which can be replaced with another commodity computer system in case of failure of any one. This allows big data technologies to process and store more data for much lower price point. (Allen, 2016) In traditional database systems, management of database system is highly required and it is carried out by database administrators. Whereas, in big data technologies things for reference, adding column to table structure, permissions to particular schema are not required. (Allen, 2016) Recommendation Since at this stage of technology and data if we go by the RDBMS systems, we would need to arrange huge data capacity servers and storage in order to cope up with the data. If not, the NoSQL databases can perform complex internal data distribution, auto-correction and very less management is required to maintain the database. Hadoop is dominantly used across big web applications such as Google, Amazon. Flexible data model RDBMS systems are made in such a way where you can have predefined structure for a table and schema. Only data with the respective structure can be dealt while incoming. Whereas in big data technologies it is not mandatory to have data in a particular format as introduced above. (Allen, 2016) Recommendation Since the big data storage bases are categorised by column (Hadoop), document (MongoDB), key-value (Redis), graph (Neo4J) and so on, hence the various data types are accepted across respective open source databases (Allen, 2016) T-mobile USA As the current situation stands in telecommunication industry, data created through each device and region is very dynamic and huge. T-mobile USA has 33 million active users and that is the reason why they chose to put all this big data to its use. The rate at which users were dropping the T-mobile service was brought to half through the big data analysis. Below are few data sources used by them to achieve business objectives. Customer Data Zone: Every users likes and dislikes are used to understand and provide services based on the available data created by user. Product and Service Zone : Inspection of services availed and products used by each user is taken into consideration in order to maintain the user base satisfaction. Business Operation Zone : All the accounting and billing information stored is used to maintain (Rijmenam, 2015) (Rijmenam, 2015) Based on big data analysis done on all the above points such as Sentiment, choices and billing data for each user, churn percentage is reduced. McLaren Racing Limited McLaren is a leading formula one racing constructor. Big data scope is recently widened in this sector due to high competition. The sports utilization of such data is sophisticated to the point that a few groups are trading their insight to different enterprises where investigating gigantic measures of data in a split second can mean the distinction amongst life and death. Hundreds of sensors fit into the car body while racing export gigabytes of data during race. The data is live streamed to the team which is monitoring the various aspects of the car at same time such as heat exhaustion, engine diagnosis and track activity. The same data is then used to carry out diagnostics, analysis and strategy. Currently system used to compare and reference is SAP HANA. Due to strict Formula 1 rules there are very few team members allowed to be on the track during race time. Though that doesnt affect the analysis as the big data through sensors is made available with the delay of milliseconds across international locations for respective team from place to place (Muhammadirvan, 2016) Tesco One of the largest retailers in the world right now thriving on the offerings provided by big data. In 1995 they introduced their shopping card called as Clubcard for customers. The shopping done through the card is now used to run analysis on customers shopping behaviour, likeness for product and management of store sections. For example, data from the shopping carts offers intuitions where merchandise can be best placed near one another or which merchandise should be placed nearer to the checkouts or doorways. Due to this elaborated client insights with the Clubcard, Tescos understanding with the customers choices and liking has become more exclusive. This factors ensures them to provide personal suggestions on the beverages or food items based on data gathered from individual shopping cards. Big data is used on other few aspects such as food wastage, when we talk about the foods and supplies. Tesco receives local weather forecast data and it is linked with the upcoming food items ought to be supplied to the stores. Through the simulations and analysis, right amount of stock is moved to the stores with adequate optimization. When you are in food industry, food storage comes into consideration. Expenditure on storage facility is also a big factor that we need consider. This is compromised through the data generated by the each refrigerator across storage facility. Tesco analyses refrigerator data to cut short their bills by $ 25 million per year. As an example, refrigerator sensors in Ireland measured temperature from every 3 seconds and created 70 million data points over the period of one year. (Rijmenam, tesco-big-data-analytics-recipe-success/665, n.d.) References Allen, M. (2016). Relational Databases Are Not Designed For Scale. Retrieved from Marklogic: http://www.marklogic.com/blog/relational-databases-scale/ Goldberg, C. (n.d.). Big Data Security. Retrieved from Vormetric: https://www.vormetric.com/data-security-solutions/use-cases/big-data-security MongoDB. (2016). Online vs offline big data. Retrieved from Mongodb: https://www.mongodb.com/scale/online-vs-offline-big-data Muhammadirvan. (2016, September 9). 2016/09/12/mhmdirfans/. Retrieved from https://muhammadirvan91.wordpress.com: https://muhammadirvan91.wordpress.com/2016/09/12/mhmdirfans/ Rijmenam, M. v. (2015, February 15). t-mobile-usa-cuts-downs-churn-rate-with-big-data/512. Retrieved from https://datafloq.com: https://datafloq.com/read/t-mobile-usa-cuts-downs-churn-rate-with-big-data/512 Rijmenam, M. v. (n.d.). tesco-big-data-analytics-recipe-success/665. Retrieved from https://datafloq.com: https://datafloq.com/read/tesco-big-data-analytics-recipe-success/665 Vormetric. (n.d.). Retrieved from Thales : https://www.vormetric.com/data-security-solutions/use-cases/big-data-security

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- essays research papers

1) Summary of Character Traits a) School smart (Maya is smart. When she moves to San Francisco from Stamps, Arkansas, she is skipped a grade.) b) Caring sister (she always talks of her devotion to Baily) c) Determined (she wants to get a job with the streetcar company and she keeps bugging them until they finally give her a job) d) Proud (she lives with the junkyard kids instead of going back to her father’s; she slaps Dolores for calling her mother a whore) 2) Appearance a) African American, tall, skinny, small and squinty eyes, big feet, large gap between her front teeth, black hair 3) What The Character Wants a) Maya wants, ultimately, for her family to be happy. She wants the segregation of blacks to end (she is disgusted when young white girls call her grandmother by her first name). 4) How the Character Changes a) After being raped, Maya stops talking as much b) After spending time living in the junkyard, Maya learns tolerance, which will help her through out her life. She matures from a young girl to a mother, as well. c) Becomes more mature once she gets her job with the street cars 5) Key Statements About the Character a) â€Å"Ritie, don’t worry ‘cause you ain’t pretty. Plenty of pretty women I seen digging ditches or worse. You smart. I swear to God, I rather you have a good mind than a cute behind.† (p.56) b) â€Å"In those moments I decided that although Baily loved me he couldn’t help. †¦ I knew that because I loved him so much I could never hurt him† (p. 73) 6) Key Actions a) Father comes to Stamps and takes them to their mother b) Moves back to Stamps, then to SF c) Drives home from Mexico d) Slaps Dolores e) Stays with the junkyard people f) Gets pregnant 7) What Others Think Of the Character a) When they are younger, Baily really looks out for Maya. As they grow up, and after she spends time with her father, they drift apart. b) Her grandmother loves Maya very much, and knows that she is a very smart girl with a lot of potential. c) Her mother seems to care much more about her than her father did. Thesis Statement: Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† Maya Angelo... ...a car accident, and her father is woken up. After the horrendous trip to Mexico, Maya and her father return home to find his girlfriend enraged. In an outburst, the girlfriend calls Maya’s mother a whore. Maya slaps her, which provokes Dolores, the girlfriend, to attack her. After that situation, Maya goes and lives with children in a junkyard. After living in the junkyard, she returns home to her mother. Later on after that, she gets pregnant. Although Maya is younger than he is, Baily admires his sister for her academic abilities, among other things. Maya’s grandmother loves her very much. She instills in her strong beliefs and good morals. She knows Maya is a very smart girl and does the best she can to work Maya to her full potential. Maya’s mother spends more time with her than her father does. Although both parents love her, the love of her mother is more apparent. It is her hope that the segregation will end, and the black people will be equal to the white race. The way in which Angelou portrays her life makes the reader feel pity at times, for the way Maya and her family is treated, rage at other when Maya acts badly, and joy when good things happen for their family.

Commerce Education and Employability

COMMERCE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY It is commonly agreed that education should aim at ‘holistic development’ of the individual. Further, such development should be in harmony with the society and the nature. To quote the great Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo, education should aim at â€Å"all round development of the personality, which includes education of the sense, body, mind, moral and spiritual education. † The concepts of ‘all round development of personality’, or ‘holistic development’ include all the aspects of development-intellectual, spiritual, moral, economic, etc.However, some philosophers have defined the economic aims of education. Christopher Winch1; a British scholar says ‘education is broadly, although not exclusively concerned with preparation for life or for particular phase of life’. He gave three aspects to this concept of education, which are ‘fulfillment’, ‘civic participationâ₠¬â„¢ and ‘vocation’ and specifies that the individual conception of education, as they can be found in particular societies at particular time, consists of distinct combination of these different aspects.In order to define the objectives of commerce education, it may be important to go a little into its history. The origin of commerce education can be traced to the 19th century. It started with the teaching of skill based courses of ‘typing’ and ‘book keeping’, to meet the emerging manpower requirements in these areas. With an increase in commercial activities and expansion of banking, insurance, transportation and other related services, the nature and scope of commerce education changed. From a vocational bias in the initial years, the focus changed to providing liberal business education.Some experts even gave different objectives for different stages or levels of education. For example, Prof. Dasgupta (1959) used three different expressions to indicate ‘business education’, at three different levels. At the junior level (higher secondary stage), it was referred to as ‘commercial education,’ covering specific skills programmes; at the first degree stage, the term used was ‘commerce education’, to cover general stream courses for preparing semi professionals and at ‘post graduation’ level, it was termed as ‘Professional Business Education’, with the aim of preparing experts in specific areas.In other words, commerce education, at less than degree level was referred to as ‘commercial education’ or ‘vocational business education’. However, the commonly accepted view at present is that commerce education at higher secondary stage is not merely to satisfy the skill or vocational needs of pupils but provides basic understanding of the various principles, procedures and practices related to business. It also fosters an understanding of the economy, of the community in which activities related to business and industry takes place. It prepares the learners to take up business career.The secondary schools should therefore, provide the students with knowledge of the background of commerce and of the way it affects the life of the community, apart from the commercial knowledge and skills. This integrating approach to the liberal and vocational education has the support of many modern thinkers on education. It is argued that education should turn the people to something he knows well and can do well. Thus, commerce should be taken as both a knowledge subject and a skill subject. The specific objectives of academic stream of commerce education i) To provide knowledge of principles, practices, procedures, etc. bout business, trade and industry and its relationship with the society; ii) To provide basic knowledge of technological tools including computers and its application in business; iii) To develop an understanding of the environment in which we live and undertake various activities relating to business; iv) To develop basic skills needed to undertake different commerce related activities; v) to educate learners in different functional areas and develop their basic understanding about the same; vi) To develop right aptitude and qualities for undertaking business and commerce related activities; and vii) to encourage the spirit of entrepreneurship and prepare learners to enter into a business career. Linkage with the Industry The present curriculum has been found to be only moderately useful to the industry. In order to make it more useful it is suggested that the students should be exposed to practical knowledge, a) by engaging them on project work, or attachment with industry, and b) establishing interaction with industry through field visits, involving professionals in teaching, and organising lectures by industry experts/successful entrepreneurs.It was generally perceived that the present cur riculum offered low degree of opportunities of skill development to the students of commerce As a result, the pass-outs of higher secondary course only have theoretical or conceptual background of various aspects of business and trade. When it comes to the practical knowledge when they are asked to perform an activity, the results are rather poor because the required skills have not been developed in them. This is a common situation, which affects the acceptability of the students by the industry as well as the users of services. The industry looks for skilled people who have a practical exposure to various commerce related activities and possess generic skills like communication skills, problem-solving skills etc. As the present curriculum offers low opportunities of skill development, need for rectifying the position has been strongly felt.Various suggestions received to improve the situation in this regard include organization of field visits, on the job training of the students, improving the infrastructural facilities and provision for establishment of commerce laboratories in the schools. Strengthening linkages Any serious effort to make the commerce curriculum relevant to the industry and increasing its acceptability would require strengthening of linkages between the school and the industry. Various suggestions have been received in this regard, from the responding stakeholders. These are discussed as follows. Firstly, it is strongly felt that organising field visits to business ecommercial establishments etc. would be of great help in exposing the students to the real work of business.For example, the student may be taken to a factory and shown how goods are being manufactured or packaged. This will give them a real feel of the various processes and an opportunity or relating these to what is being taught in the class. This is very important for sustaining their interest in the subject and making them useful to the employers as well as to the society in general. Second, it is suggested that industrial internship, to three to four week’s duration, during the summer vacation (or some other vacations), would be quite helpful in providing the students an opportunity of actually working in an office or in the field environment.Third, the students may be assigned some project work relating to the subject of study. Let us say while teaching the chapter on marketing, the students may be asked to go to their local market and find out which brands of a particular product, say toothpaste or toilet soap are available in a retail outlet; which of these are preferred by a particular class of buyers (say people belonging to lower income group) and why? Further, the schools may regularly organize seminars, workshops and discussions where experts from industry are invited to participate and interact with the students. For example, sharing of experiences by successful entrepreneurs may be of great interest and utility to the student.Fifth, the schools may be encouraged to set up commerce laboratory where the students can practice through charts, models, computer games, exploration on internet, etc. some of the practical aspects of what is taught in the class. Other important suggestions received for strengthening the linkages include making a provision for extensive training of the teachers and inducing industry for adoption of schools so that the course can run efficiently. If the teachers are not trained regularly, they would not be able to impart knowledge and skills about the latest developments in their field. Moreover, the role of teachers is changing fast. They have to work like facilitators, in the present day world of information and fast changing technological and economic environment.Thus, periodic training of teachers is very important for effectively running a course. As regards the strategy for development of linkages, it is agreed enterprises, it is agreed that the industry should be persuaded to coope rate with the schools. Entrepreneurial Values The present curriculum was perceived to be offering low degree of opportunities for development of entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills. As a result most of the pass-outs were included to look for some wage employment opportunities, after completing their studies. This creates a lot of stress on the already soaring list of unemployed youth in the country and need improvements. The students may be induced towards entrepreneurship.The entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills should be groomed from schools days so that the pass-outs can be prepared to set up their own ventures instead of looking for wage employment to improve the situation, various suggestions. Include organization of field visits, adoption of case study approach, teaching of biographies of successful entrepreneurs, use of small Business Games and Mock stock exchange proceedings for teaching these aspects and bringing change in the orientation of curriculum and textbooks, to incorporate entrepreneurial value and attitudes. Commerce Education needs the infusion of fresh ideas so as to provide a stimulating, supporting and sustaining environment. The Social Context of Education The education system does not function in isolation from the society of which it is a part.Hierarchies of caste, economic status and gender relations, cultural diversity as well as the uneven economic development that characterize Indian society also deeply influence access to education and participation of children in school. But at the same time, globalisation and the spread of market relations to every sphere of society have important implications for education. Business Studies Syllabi and Textbooks The syllabi and textbooks in commerce have been prepared according to the principles of the National Curriculum Framework. 1. The chapter on Social Responsibility of Business discusses how a business unit has to take care of the society of which it is a part.Every busi ness needs to act in a socially desirable manner and respect its employees, the community and the environment in which it operates. Our objective is to sensitise the student to social issues and concerns and the fact that business can do a lot for society, while fulfilling its social obligation. Environmental Protection also forms part of the chapter where conservation and industrial pollution are discussed. Business Ethics is also included to make students aware of ethical and responsible behaviour of a business. This also instills in a student value of personal ethics and standards and a code of conduct which can be applied in personal life also.Interrelationships however between business ethics and individual ethics need to be drawn by the teachers. 2. The global and local perspective and rural development needs to be taken care of. Small Business has been included in the syllabus and covers tiny and cottage industries and assistance to business provided by the government to smal l business reasons of including this in the syllabus. Rural Development and growth is a priority area and has been given a special emphasis in the latest year plans and all documents pertaining to economic development. In fact, marketers are depending on the rural demand and markets. Examples from rural business have been given throughout the book to sensitise children to the rural aspect of the country.Local perspective needs emphasis as a student is always able to relate to his local surroundings, therefore, local examples are better understood by them. 3. Connecting knowledge to life outside school. The environment in which a business operates forms an important aspect of management. A business unit has to constantly interact with the economic, political, legal and social environment. The business environment is dynamic in nature and examples can be taken from all around us, newspapers, business magazines, business TV programmes and the internet. Management has to respond to all these changes and this chapter has been specially included so that students are aware of what is going on in the economic, political, legal and social environment.A business has to analyse the environment before taking decisions. 4. Projects, activities and case problems have also been included to ensure that learning is shifted from rote methods. Creativity is a value that needs to be fostered. At the end of each chapter projects, activities and case problems have been given. 5. Boxes includes enrichment material taken from newspapers, business magazines and the internet. We hope these will enable students to connect textual knowledge to the business world Students should draw interrelationships between the text and the news in the print and electronic media. The Objective is to give students an idea of what is happening inside a business. 6.We live in an age of unprecedented violence, local regional, national and global. Values of love, cooperation, non violence, peace are univers al and need to be emphasized again and again. Social equality and justice is an integral part of peace education. Our chapter on social responsibilities emphasizes social equality and justice but teachers need to revisit the concept and connect it to place in society. The topic on cooperative societies and international business are based on the spirit of cooperation. Cooperation as a value needs to be re emphasized by teachers and then lead the student to imbibe the value of cooperation. International agreements, WTO and GATT are all based in international cooperation.Since management involves doing work systematically and resolving conflict situations, while we are teaching management we can revisit the idea of maintaining peace and harmony within an organization. Coordination of activities ensures harmonious relationships which is what manage motivation which again is related to peace and harmony. The teacher in the class needs to draw interconnections between the text and values of peace and non-violence. This has become almost an essential and moral duty of every teacher. 7. India is a multicultural society and all groups have equal rights to coexist and flourish. In our texts we have tried to give business examples from all regions.When the social environment of business is taught then certain examples can be taken up so that students have a fair idea of the pluralistic society in which we live. 8. Any economic development affects the Financial Market and ultimately every business unit in some way or the other. The role of major financial institutions and banks are becoming prominent in the financial markets. The fluctuations in the capital market are due to a variety of reasons. How the political, economic and social changes affect the markets can be studied, it will be going beyond the textbook. However, students will find it very interesting. These topics are important, current issues and students need to be aware of such topics as they shape the coun try’s future and economic development.In fact, the whole world is looking at India and China since they are relatively strong economies because of the regulatory mechanisms in the financial markets. Reference 1. www. ncert. nic. in/programmes/teacher_edu/pdfs/Commerce. pdf In Service Teacher Education Manual for Teachers and Teacher Educators in Commerce. 2. Emerging Trends in Commerce and Management, Santosh Gupta, Published in University News41 (05) 2003 3. Recent Trends in Commerce and Management Education, Dr. V. V. Khanzode, Strling Publishers Private Limited. 1990 4. National Policy on Education1986 an Appraisal, DoabaHouse, New Delhi. 1989 5. Commerce and Management Education in India,Ed. K. V. Sivayya,Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 1990 Commerce Education and Employability COMMERCE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY It is commonly agreed that education should aim at ‘holistic development’ of the individual. Further, such development should be in harmony with the society and the nature. To quote the great Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo, education should aim at â€Å"all round development of the personality, which includes education of the sense, body, mind, moral and spiritual education. † The concepts of ‘all round development of personality’, or ‘holistic development’ include all the aspects of development-intellectual, spiritual, moral, economic, etc.However, some philosophers have defined the economic aims of education. Christopher Winch1; a British scholar says ‘education is broadly, although not exclusively concerned with preparation for life or for particular phase of life’. He gave three aspects to this concept of education, which are ‘fulfillment’, ‘civic participationâ₠¬â„¢ and ‘vocation’ and specifies that the individual conception of education, as they can be found in particular societies at particular time, consists of distinct combination of these different aspects.In order to define the objectives of commerce education, it may be important to go a little into its history. The origin of commerce education can be traced to the 19th century. It started with the teaching of skill based courses of ‘typing’ and ‘book keeping’, to meet the emerging manpower requirements in these areas. With an increase in commercial activities and expansion of banking, insurance, transportation and other related services, the nature and scope of commerce education changed. From a vocational bias in the initial years, the focus changed to providing liberal business education.Some experts even gave different objectives for different stages or levels of education. For example, Prof. Dasgupta (1959) used three different expressions to indicate ‘business education’, at three different levels. At the junior level (higher secondary stage), it was referred to as ‘commercial education,’ covering specific skills programmes; at the first degree stage, the term used was ‘commerce education’, to cover general stream courses for preparing semi professionals and at ‘post graduation’ level, it was termed as ‘Professional Business Education’, with the aim of preparing experts in specific areas.In other words, commerce education, at less than degree level was referred to as ‘commercial education’ or ‘vocational business education’. However, the commonly accepted view at present is that commerce education at higher secondary stage is not merely to satisfy the skill or vocational needs of pupils but provides basic understanding of the various principles, procedures and practices related to business. It also fosters an understanding of the economy, of the community in which activities related to business and industry takes place. It prepares the learners to take up business career.The secondary schools should therefore, provide the students with knowledge of the background of commerce and of the way it affects the life of the community, apart from the commercial knowledge and skills. This integrating approach to the liberal and vocational education has the support of many modern thinkers on education. It is argued that education should turn the people to something he knows well and can do well. Thus, commerce should be taken as both a knowledge subject and a skill subject. The specific objectives of academic stream of commerce education i) To provide knowledge of principles, practices, procedures, etc. bout business, trade and industry and its relationship with the society; ii) To provide basic knowledge of technological tools including computers and its application in business; iii) To develop an understanding of the environment in which we live and undertake various activities relating to business; iv) To develop basic skills needed to undertake different commerce related activities; v) to educate learners in different functional areas and develop their basic understanding about the same; vi) To develop right aptitude and qualities for undertaking business and commerce related activities; and vii) to encourage the spirit of entrepreneurship and prepare learners to enter into a business career. Linkage with the Industry The present curriculum has been found to be only moderately useful to the industry. In order to make it more useful it is suggested that the students should be exposed to practical knowledge, a) by engaging them on project work, or attachment with industry, and b) establishing interaction with industry through field visits, involving professionals in teaching, and organising lectures by industry experts/successful entrepreneurs.It was generally perceived that the present cur riculum offered low degree of opportunities of skill development to the students of commerce As a result, the pass-outs of higher secondary course only have theoretical or conceptual background of various aspects of business and trade. When it comes to the practical knowledge when they are asked to perform an activity, the results are rather poor because the required skills have not been developed in them. This is a common situation, which affects the acceptability of the students by the industry as well as the users of services. The industry looks for skilled people who have a practical exposure to various commerce related activities and possess generic skills like communication skills, problem-solving skills etc. As the present curriculum offers low opportunities of skill development, need for rectifying the position has been strongly felt.Various suggestions received to improve the situation in this regard include organization of field visits, on the job training of the students, improving the infrastructural facilities and provision for establishment of commerce laboratories in the schools. Strengthening linkages Any serious effort to make the commerce curriculum relevant to the industry and increasing its acceptability would require strengthening of linkages between the school and the industry. Various suggestions have been received in this regard, from the responding stakeholders. These are discussed as follows. Firstly, it is strongly felt that organising field visits to business ecommercial establishments etc. would be of great help in exposing the students to the real work of business.For example, the student may be taken to a factory and shown how goods are being manufactured or packaged. This will give them a real feel of the various processes and an opportunity or relating these to what is being taught in the class. This is very important for sustaining their interest in the subject and making them useful to the employers as well as to the society in general. Second, it is suggested that industrial internship, to three to four week’s duration, during the summer vacation (or some other vacations), would be quite helpful in providing the students an opportunity of actually working in an office or in the field environment.Third, the students may be assigned some project work relating to the subject of study. Let us say while teaching the chapter on marketing, the students may be asked to go to their local market and find out which brands of a particular product, say toothpaste or toilet soap are available in a retail outlet; which of these are preferred by a particular class of buyers (say people belonging to lower income group) and why? Further, the schools may regularly organize seminars, workshops and discussions where experts from industry are invited to participate and interact with the students. For example, sharing of experiences by successful entrepreneurs may be of great interest and utility to the student.Fifth, the schools may be encouraged to set up commerce laboratory where the students can practice through charts, models, computer games, exploration on internet, etc. some of the practical aspects of what is taught in the class. Other important suggestions received for strengthening the linkages include making a provision for extensive training of the teachers and inducing industry for adoption of schools so that the course can run efficiently. If the teachers are not trained regularly, they would not be able to impart knowledge and skills about the latest developments in their field. Moreover, the role of teachers is changing fast. They have to work like facilitators, in the present day world of information and fast changing technological and economic environment.Thus, periodic training of teachers is very important for effectively running a course. As regards the strategy for development of linkages, it is agreed enterprises, it is agreed that the industry should be persuaded to coope rate with the schools. Entrepreneurial Values The present curriculum was perceived to be offering low degree of opportunities for development of entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills. As a result most of the pass-outs were included to look for some wage employment opportunities, after completing their studies. This creates a lot of stress on the already soaring list of unemployed youth in the country and need improvements. The students may be induced towards entrepreneurship.The entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills should be groomed from schools days so that the pass-outs can be prepared to set up their own ventures instead of looking for wage employment to improve the situation, various suggestions. Include organization of field visits, adoption of case study approach, teaching of biographies of successful entrepreneurs, use of small Business Games and Mock stock exchange proceedings for teaching these aspects and bringing change in the orientation of curriculum and textbooks, to incorporate entrepreneurial value and attitudes. Commerce Education needs the infusion of fresh ideas so as to provide a stimulating, supporting and sustaining environment. The Social Context of Education The education system does not function in isolation from the society of which it is a part.Hierarchies of caste, economic status and gender relations, cultural diversity as well as the uneven economic development that characterize Indian society also deeply influence access to education and participation of children in school. But at the same time, globalisation and the spread of market relations to every sphere of society have important implications for education. Business Studies Syllabi and Textbooks The syllabi and textbooks in commerce have been prepared according to the principles of the National Curriculum Framework. 1. The chapter on Social Responsibility of Business discusses how a business unit has to take care of the society of which it is a part.Every busi ness needs to act in a socially desirable manner and respect its employees, the community and the environment in which it operates. Our objective is to sensitise the student to social issues and concerns and the fact that business can do a lot for society, while fulfilling its social obligation. Environmental Protection also forms part of the chapter where conservation and industrial pollution are discussed. Business Ethics is also included to make students aware of ethical and responsible behaviour of a business. This also instills in a student value of personal ethics and standards and a code of conduct which can be applied in personal life also.Interrelationships however between business ethics and individual ethics need to be drawn by the teachers. 2. The global and local perspective and rural development needs to be taken care of. Small Business has been included in the syllabus and covers tiny and cottage industries and assistance to business provided by the government to smal l business reasons of including this in the syllabus. Rural Development and growth is a priority area and has been given a special emphasis in the latest year plans and all documents pertaining to economic development. In fact, marketers are depending on the rural demand and markets. Examples from rural business have been given throughout the book to sensitise children to the rural aspect of the country.Local perspective needs emphasis as a student is always able to relate to his local surroundings, therefore, local examples are better understood by them. 3. Connecting knowledge to life outside school. The environment in which a business operates forms an important aspect of management. A business unit has to constantly interact with the economic, political, legal and social environment. The business environment is dynamic in nature and examples can be taken from all around us, newspapers, business magazines, business TV programmes and the internet. Management has to respond to all these changes and this chapter has been specially included so that students are aware of what is going on in the economic, political, legal and social environment.A business has to analyse the environment before taking decisions. 4. Projects, activities and case problems have also been included to ensure that learning is shifted from rote methods. Creativity is a value that needs to be fostered. At the end of each chapter projects, activities and case problems have been given. 5. Boxes includes enrichment material taken from newspapers, business magazines and the internet. We hope these will enable students to connect textual knowledge to the business world Students should draw interrelationships between the text and the news in the print and electronic media. The Objective is to give students an idea of what is happening inside a business. 6.We live in an age of unprecedented violence, local regional, national and global. Values of love, cooperation, non violence, peace are univers al and need to be emphasized again and again. Social equality and justice is an integral part of peace education. Our chapter on social responsibilities emphasizes social equality and justice but teachers need to revisit the concept and connect it to place in society. The topic on cooperative societies and international business are based on the spirit of cooperation. Cooperation as a value needs to be re emphasized by teachers and then lead the student to imbibe the value of cooperation. International agreements, WTO and GATT are all based in international cooperation.Since management involves doing work systematically and resolving conflict situations, while we are teaching management we can revisit the idea of maintaining peace and harmony within an organization. Coordination of activities ensures harmonious relationships which is what manage motivation which again is related to peace and harmony. The teacher in the class needs to draw interconnections between the text and values of peace and non-violence. This has become almost an essential and moral duty of every teacher. 7. India is a multicultural society and all groups have equal rights to coexist and flourish. In our texts we have tried to give business examples from all regions.When the social environment of business is taught then certain examples can be taken up so that students have a fair idea of the pluralistic society in which we live. 8. Any economic development affects the Financial Market and ultimately every business unit in some way or the other. The role of major financial institutions and banks are becoming prominent in the financial markets. The fluctuations in the capital market are due to a variety of reasons. How the political, economic and social changes affect the markets can be studied, it will be going beyond the textbook. However, students will find it very interesting. These topics are important, current issues and students need to be aware of such topics as they shape the coun try’s future and economic development.In fact, the whole world is looking at India and China since they are relatively strong economies because of the regulatory mechanisms in the financial markets. Reference 1. www. ncert. nic. in/programmes/teacher_edu/pdfs/Commerce. pdf In Service Teacher Education Manual for Teachers and Teacher Educators in Commerce. 2. Emerging Trends in Commerce and Management, Santosh Gupta, Published in University News41 (05) 2003 3. Recent Trends in Commerce and Management Education, Dr. V. V. Khanzode, Strling Publishers Private Limited. 1990 4. National Policy on Education1986 an Appraisal, DoabaHouse, New Delhi. 1989 5. Commerce and Management Education in India,Ed. K. V. Sivayya,Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 1990

Free Essays on El Hombre Y El Mito

EL HOMBRE Y EL MITOPOR R. A. FONT BERNARD Est prà ³ximo a cumplir noventa y seis aà ±os de edad, y desde hace veinte, est lamentablemente privado de la visià ³n. Desde 1978 a la fecha, ha declarado diecinueve veces que est enfermo. En el prrafo inicial de las "Memorias de un Cortesano de la Era de Trujillo", se declarà ³ al borde del sepulcro. Pero a la vez, como lo hubo de consignar en unos desgarradores versos, es "el dueà ±o de un mundo de cristal que no envejece". Y es, en las presentes circunstancias de nuestro paà ­s, el principal protagonista de una comedia polà ­tica, que eventualmente podrà ­a evolucionar hacia el drama.Paradà ³jicamente, sus deficiencias visuales las utilizà ³, exitosamente, como uno de los temas electorales. Y en la actualidad alude a ella, para demostrarle a sus opositores polà ­ticos, que su ceguera no es tragedia, y que actà ºa con absoluta normalidad, porque no sà ³lo conoce la matemtica del azar, sino adems, porque puede ver el rostro del mundo, y de las gentes que lo pueblan.Fue , segà ºn su propia confesià ³n, un cortesano de la dictadura de Trujillo, y como tal, en el ejercicio de la oratoria polà ­tica, uno de los ms sobresalientes apologistas de la dictadura. Pero en ese ejercicio, fue el à ºnico orador que seà ±alà ³ el carcter dictatorial del rà ©gimen, y el à ºnico en predecir que à ©ste no sobrepasarà ­a los treinta y dos aà ±os, ya prà ³ximo a caer el dictador en un charco de sangre.Como polà ­tico, dotado de un protagonismo impar en la presente etapa de devaneos democrticos, ha actuado y actà ºa, conforme a lo que don Josà © Ortega y Gasset entendà ­a que son las circunstancias. Pese a que no se le suele reconocer como un destinista, y à ©l se proclama como tal, actà ºa con la conviccià ³n de que en la actividad polà ­tica, tiene un decisivo predicamento lo posible y lo conveniente.Reconocer que sentà ­a satisfaccià ³n en el ejercicio del poder, es una realidad y no un reproche. Pero, contrario a Trujillo, y a... Free Essays on El Hombre Y El Mito Free Essays on El Hombre Y El Mito EL HOMBRE Y EL MITOPOR R. A. FONT BERNARD Est prà ³ximo a cumplir noventa y seis aà ±os de edad, y desde hace veinte, est lamentablemente privado de la visià ³n. Desde 1978 a la fecha, ha declarado diecinueve veces que est enfermo. En el prrafo inicial de las "Memorias de un Cortesano de la Era de Trujillo", se declarà ³ al borde del sepulcro. Pero a la vez, como lo hubo de consignar en unos desgarradores versos, es "el dueà ±o de un mundo de cristal que no envejece". Y es, en las presentes circunstancias de nuestro paà ­s, el principal protagonista de una comedia polà ­tica, que eventualmente podrà ­a evolucionar hacia el drama.Paradà ³jicamente, sus deficiencias visuales las utilizà ³, exitosamente, como uno de los temas electorales. Y en la actualidad alude a ella, para demostrarle a sus opositores polà ­ticos, que su ceguera no es tragedia, y que actà ºa con absoluta normalidad, porque no sà ³lo conoce la matemtica del azar, sino adems, porque puede ver el rostro del mundo, y de las gentes que lo pueblan.Fue , segà ºn su propia confesià ³n, un cortesano de la dictadura de Trujillo, y como tal, en el ejercicio de la oratoria polà ­tica, uno de los ms sobresalientes apologistas de la dictadura. Pero en ese ejercicio, fue el à ºnico orador que seà ±alà ³ el carcter dictatorial del rà ©gimen, y el à ºnico en predecir que à ©ste no sobrepasarà ­a los treinta y dos aà ±os, ya prà ³ximo a caer el dictador en un charco de sangre.Como polà ­tico, dotado de un protagonismo impar en la presente etapa de devaneos democrticos, ha actuado y actà ºa, conforme a lo que don Josà © Ortega y Gasset entendà ­a que son las circunstancias. Pese a que no se le suele reconocer como un destinista, y à ©l se proclama como tal, actà ºa con la conviccià ³n de que en la actividad polà ­tica, tiene un decisivo predicamento lo posible y lo conveniente.Reconocer que sentà ­a satisfaccià ³n en el ejercicio del poder, es una realidad y no un reproche. Pero, contrario a Trujillo, y a...

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Social psychology attempts to understand the relationship between minds, groups, and behaviors in three general ways. First, it tries to see how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This includes social perception, social interaction, and the many kinds of social influence (like trust, power, and persuasion). Gaining insight into the social psychology of persons involves looking at the influences that individuals have on the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of other individuals, as well as the influence that groups have on individuals. Second, it tries to understand the influence that individual perceptions and behaviors have upon the behavior of groups. This includes looking at things like group productivity in the workplace and group decision making. Third, and finally, social psychology tries to understand groups themselves as behavioral entities, and the relationships and influences that one group has upon another group. On the one hand, Social psychology can be said to try to bridge the gap between disciplines. It can be said to be co-disciplinary with sociology and psychology, providing overlapping theories and research methods in order to form a clearer and more robust picture of social life. However, social psychologists have different perspectives on what ought to be emphasized in the field. Social psychological work can be approached with the interests and the emphases of both psychology and sociology in mind. As a result, the discipline can be split in three general subfields, which concentrate on the relative importance of some subjects over others. As sociological social psychology, this looks at the social behavior of humans in terms of associations and relationships that they have. This type leans toward sociology. One offshoot of this perspective is the Personality and Social Structure Perspective, which emphasizes the li... Free Essays on Social Psychology Free Essays on Social Psychology Social psychology attempts to understand the relationship between minds, groups, and behaviors in three general ways. First, it tries to see how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. This includes social perception, social interaction, and the many kinds of social influence (like trust, power, and persuasion). Gaining insight into the social psychology of persons involves looking at the influences that individuals have on the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of other individuals, as well as the influence that groups have on individuals. Second, it tries to understand the influence that individual perceptions and behaviors have upon the behavior of groups. This includes looking at things like group productivity in the workplace and group decision making. Third, and finally, social psychology tries to understand groups themselves as behavioral entities, and the relationships and influences that one group has upon another group. On the one hand, Social psychology can be said to try to bridge the gap between disciplines. It can be said to be co-disciplinary with sociology and psychology, providing overlapping theories and research methods in order to form a clearer and more robust picture of social life. However, social psychologists have different perspectives on what ought to be emphasized in the field. Social psychological work can be approached with the interests and the emphases of both psychology and sociology in mind. As a result, the discipline can be split in three general subfields, which concentrate on the relative importance of some subjects over others. As sociological social psychology, this looks at the social behavior of humans in terms of associations and relationships that they have. This type leans toward sociology. One offshoot of this perspective is the Personality and Social Structure Perspective, which emphasizes the li...

A List of The Iliad Characters

A List of 'The Iliad' Characters The Iliad is attributed to Homer, although we dont know for sure who wrote it. It is thought to describe characters and legends traditionally dated to the 12th century BCE, passed down orally, and then written by a poet or bard identified as Homer who lived during the Archaic Age in Greece  in the 8th century BCE. Major Characters Here are major characters, both mortal and immortal, from The Iliad: Achilles:  The hero and subject of the epic poem. Achilles  brought his troops known as the Myrmidons, was insulted by the leader of the Achaean (Greek) forces, and was sitting out the war until his close friend Patroclus was killed. Achilles then went after the man he blamed for the death, Hector, the prince of Troy.Aeneas:  The nephew of King Priam of Troy, a son of Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite. He shows up with a much bigger part in the epic poem The Aeneid, by Vergil (Virgil).Agamemnon:  Leader of the Achaean (Greek) forces and the brother-in-law of the beautiful Helen, formerly of Sparta, now of Troy. He makes some hard choices, like sacrificing his daughter Iphigenia at Aulis to provide wind for his ships sails.Ajax the greater: The son of Telamon, who is also the father of the best Greek bowman, Teucer. After Achilles death, Ajax wants his armor thinking he deserves it as the second greatest of the Greek warriors.Ajax the lesser: The son of Oilean and the leader of the Locrians. He rapes Cassandra, prophetess daughter of Hecuba and Priam. Andromache: The wife of Trojan Prince Hector and the mother of a young son named Astyanax who features in touching scenes. Later Andromache becomes Neoptolemus war-bride.Aphrodite:  The love goddess who won the apple of strife that started things in motion. She helps her favorites in the fray, is injured, and discusses matters with Helen.Apollo:  The son of Leto and Zeus and the brother of Artemis. Hes on the Trojan side and sends plague arrows to the Greeks.Ares: The war god Ares was on the side of the Trojans, fighting disguised as Stentor.Artemis: The daughter of Leto and Zeus and the sister of Apollo. She, too, is on the side of the Trojans.Athena:  The daughter of Zeus, a powerful goddess of war strategy; for the Greeks during the Trojan War.Briseis:  The source of ill-feeling between Agamemnon and Achilles. Briseis had been awarded to Achilles as a war-prize, but then Agamemnon wanted her because he had been obliged to give up his.Calchas:  The seer who told Agamemnon that he had angered the gods and must fix things by returning Chriseis to her father. When Agamemnon obliged, he insisted that he receive Achilles prize Briseis instead. Diomedes:  An Argive leader on the Greek side. Diomedes wounds Aeneas and Aphrodite and routs the Trojans until the son of Lycaon (Pandarus) hits him with an arrow.Hades: Is in charge of the Underworld and hated by mortals.Hector:  The lead Trojan prince whom Achilles kills. His corpse is dragged around in the sand (but by the grace of the gods, without destruction) for days while Achilles vents his grief and anger.Hecuba:  Hecuba is the Trojan matriarch, mother of Hector and Paris, among others, and wife of King Priam.Helen: The face that launched a thousand ships.Hephaestus: The blacksmith of the gods. In return for an old favor from the nymphs, Hephaestus makes a wonderful shield for the nymph Thetis son, Achilles.Hera:  Hera hates the Trojans and tries to harm them by getting around her husband, Zeus.Hermes:  Hermes isnt yet the messenger god in the Iliad, but he is sent to help Priam get to Achilles to ask for the corpse of his beloved son Hector.Iris: Iris is the mess enger goddess of the Iliad. Menelaus: Helens aggrieved husband and the brother of Agamemnon.Nestor:  An old and wise king of Pylos on the Achaean side in the Trojan War.Odysseus:  The lord of Ithaca who tries to persuade Achilles to re-join the fray. He plays a much larger part in The Odyssey.Paris:  Aka Alexander, the son of Priam. Paris plays a cowardly role in The Iliad and is helped by the Trojans gods.Patroclus: The beloved friend of Achilles who borrows his armor to go lead the Myrmidons against the Trojans. He is killed in battle, which results in Achilles re-joining the fray to kill Hector.Phoenix: A tutor of Achilles who tries to persuade him to re-join the battle.Poseidon:  Sea god who supports the Greeks, basically.Priam:  Another old and wise king, but this time, of the Trojans. He fathered 50 sons, among whom are Hector and Paris.Sarpedon: The Trojans most important ally; killed by Patroclus.Thetis:  Nymph mother of Achilles who asks Hephaestus to make her son a shield.Xanthus: A river near Troy known to mortals as Scamander, and its god, who favors the Trojans. Zeus:  King of the gods who tries to maintain neutrality in order to make sure fate isnt thwarted; father of Trojan ally Sarpedon.

Critically Evaluate how Theories of Leadership Define and Explain how Essay

Critically Evaluate how Theories of Leadership Define and Explain how to Identify and Create Effective Leaders - Essay Example However, recently there has been increasing emphasis or recognition of dispersed leadership. This approach, having its foundation in psychology, sociology and politics rather than the management sciences considers leadership to be a process which is diffused through the organization instead of lying with the designated leader. The present project seeks to make a critical evaluation of the various definitions of leadership. It then goes on to explain how to identify and create effective leaders in the organization. It focuses on the traditional and individualistic views of leadership as these are considered to have the greatest relevance to the field of management development and leadership standards in organizations. Critical Analysis Leadership is an extremely high valued and highly sought after commodity. It is a common question for people to ask what make for the good leaders. Moreover leadership has attracted attention of the researchers all across the world and a review of the s cholarly articles on the subject reveals that there are numerous theoretical approaches for explaining the complexities of the process of leadership (Northouse, 2009, p.1). Some researchers have considered leadership as behaviour or trait while others have viewed the same from a relational standpoint or an information processing perspective (Northouse, 2009, p.1). Leadership Defined Stogdill (1974) brought forth through a series of research that there are as many different definitions of leadership as there are people trying to define it. Although each one knows intuitively about the meaning of the term, it appears mean differently to different individuals. The mere attempt to give a definition to leadership creates the discovery that it has numerous different meanings (Northouse, 2009, p.2). Certain components have been identified as being central to the conceptualization of leadership. Firstly leadership is considered to be a process; it includes a certain amount of influence; it occurs in groups and finally it involves common goals. Considering the above components the most common definition of leadership has evolved. Leadership has been defined as a process in which a single individual has influence over a group of individuals in order to attain a common goal (Northouse, 2009, p.2). The definition of leadership as a process means that it is neither a characteristic nor a trait residing in the leader; it is rather a transactional event occurring between the leaders and the followers. The term process implies that it is not a one way event; both leaders and followers get affected in the process. They need each other mutually. According to the views of Burns (1978), although there is a close link between the leaders and the followers, generally leaders are more associated with the initiation of the relationship, the creation of communication linkages and carrying the responsibility or burden of maintaining the relationship (Northouse, 2009, p.4). Theories of Leadership Researchers are of the opinion that a difference exists between the trait and process theory of leadership. It is common for people to think that people are born to be leaders or that people make leaders naturally. These are some statements which are generally expressed by people who consider the trait perspective towards leadership. The perspective suggests that

Countering the Anti-Israel Apartheid and the BDS Messages Essay

Countering the Anti-Israel Apartheid and the BDS Messages - Essay Example The anti-Israel apartheid and the DBS messages have spread to an extent that in America, there is the Israel apartheid week which is an international campaign which involves, calls for boycott of Israel in US campuses. According to the current anti-Israel apartheid policy, fighting campus hatred is a strategy that is applied to curb anti-Israel apartheid. However, according to the CEO of pro-Israeli organization, there is hostile environment toward Israel in 60-80 out of 4000 American universities (Benhorin, 2012). This is a considerably manageable figure with added communication efforts, the number could go down reasonably. In the current policy, demonstrations are another strategy that is channeled towards bringing to an end or at least reducing the spread of anti-Israel apartheid and the DBS messages. Peace demonstrations are most of the time mistaken for riots. This leads to defensive response from other members of the affected area, for instance, these demonstrations lead to des truction of property, hence provoking havoc from the victims. Propaganda is a dangerous calamity that if not controlled well can lead to a number of calamities. These include; various states may cut economic links with Israel, and this may lead Israel in a crisis of lacking a country to trade with, which may lead to economy deterioration in Israel. It may also lead to cut of diplomatic ties from other countries. This would limit Israel to depend on her educational materials since there would lack exchange programmes among schools in Israel and those in other countries. These and many others call for introduction of a new policy to fight the propaganda. Just to mention but a few loopholes in the current policy, there is dire need for a new policy that will help prevent rise in the de-legitimization in a more professional way. The new policy will address the issue in all dimensions; social, political and economic. Social in the sense that it will take into consideration the social eff ects of the strategies put in place on the social lives the Israelite as well as those of other people. The policy will take care of the economic factor in that it will be reasonably affordable to implement both financially and time wise. THE NEW POLICY This is a policy that will use communication efforts to help prevent the rising de-legitimization. This policy contains terms and strategies that when implemented will give positive and more effective results. The policy will make it clear that other than using political strategies to fight propaganda, communication can also be used to curb the fast spreading calamity. Using communication means will enable the message to reach more people than demonstrations and boycotts would. Since the challenge at hand is spreading at a very fast rate, an equally fast means is required to counter its immense spread. Therefore, the strategies in this policy are designed to suit the speed at which the propaganda is spread and manage to save the face of Israel in the eyes of the world (Burgoon, Berger, & Waldron, 2000). These strategies include; use of print media, use of electronic media, use of social media, use of small media, publicity in international forums, use of targeted scholarships and campaigns in institutions . Print media is a strong tool that can be used to control this fast spreading fire. Print media ranges from newspapers, magazine, newsletters, journals and books. Through these channels,

"Faith" Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

"Faith" - Essay Example I believe that Prophet Mohammad was a true messenger of Allah; I believe that prophet Mohammad was the final and the last prophet of Allah. The main reason why I believe that Prophet Mohammad was the final prophet of Allah was because Allah revealed to Mohammad the truth about himself; Mohammad was the messenger of Allah. I also believe in Quran as the holy book of Allah; I believe that Quran contains the messages of Allah as revealed to Allah’s prophet, Mohammad; I believe that Allah revealed his eternal message to Mohammad in its definitive form. The main reason why I believe that Quran contains the messages of Allah is because Allah himself gave the Quran to his prophet Mohammad. Besides Mohammad, I also believe in other prophets of Allah. As the Quran says, God sends his messengers in every human age to reveal to his people his will for them, â€Å"To all peoples and in all ages, God sent prophets or messengers to proclaim the Oneness of God and to warn humanity of the future judgment (Quran 10:47; 16:36)†. For that reason, I believe in Allah’s prophets such as Abraham, Noah, Moses, Elijah, Isaac, Joseph, Aaron, Solomon, Ezra, and Isa. I, however, believe that Mohammad was the greatest and the last prophet o Allah. I also do believe in angels messengers of Allah. I believe that Allah sends angels to his people on earth to reveal to them the messages of Allah. For example, Allah sent angel Gabriel, several times, to Prophet Mohammad to reveal to him the messages of Allah. I also believe that angels act as intermediaries and that they ask Allah to forgive the offences of his people (Quran 40:7). Also, I believe that when human beings die, their soul are received by angels who have kept a record of their actions, and the angels will witness for or against them on the day of judgement as the Quran notes (Quran 21: 203, 13: 24). My beliefs in angels are based on what is written in the Quran about angels. I also believe in the last day of

Social Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Discrimination - Essay Example The need is to analyze three parties of the matter as virtue theory stresses over people. Helping vulnerable group in a company is moral and ethical. It is a healthy practice to aid vulnerable people. Once the black workers acquire skills, white workers will rethink about their attitude and black workers will be better paid and respected since the action is within moral grounds. Consequently, the action of Kaiser is ethical as the primary objective is to vanish discrimination within the company. More skills and knowledge would let the black workers acquire more influence. The experience of Weber is frustrating but the need is to coup with large scale issue. Most appropriate theory for the case is Utilitarian Theory and Justice Theory. The utility of black workers is higher than that of white workers. Hence ethical way is to provide more opportunities for the black workers. Considering Justice Theory, the present condition of the company shows inequality of the black workers. The theory suggests providing more opportunities to the black workers. The caring theory is also applicable while viewing the inter-racial relationship of the workers. It is ethically correct to enhance the position of black workers so they earn respect and stay in the equal relationship with the white workers. Virtue theory is also important in this context as the managers will deploy the existing method to reach equal level. Rights theory is least effective for the case of discrimination is ignored.

Culture and Orgnisaztion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Culture and Orgnisaztion - Essay Example Some of the excellent models that attained high sales volumes include V8 Morgan and Plus 8 models dues to their traditional craftsmanship and ability to win numerous sporting races. The company culture is appreciates innovation since Aero model ultimately evolved to a high-end luxury Aero SuperSports Morgan in order to meet the changing consumer needs of more fashionable and stylish cars. The political environment is characterised by stable governments while the economic environment is characterised by high growth in consumer incomes and increase in consumer spending (Stanford, 2013). The social environment has favorable attitudes towards luxurious cars while the technological environment is characterised by stylish automobile designs (Avolio & Gardner, 2005, p 320). However, there is stiff competition in the automobile industry and increase in the costs of raw materials. The company aspires to remain flexible and small while remaining faithful to the philosophy and original HFS†™s concept of lightweight construction. The aim of the paper is to illustrate the culture of Morgan Motor Company in the human resource department using Schein model of culture and determine how the organisation has maintained to remain consistent in its culture. The paper will also examine the application of Schein organisational culture model at Morgan Motor Company. The paper will examine the cultural artifacts and observable behaviours and determine their consistent with the current espoused values and assumptions. The country culture refers to the complex knowledge, art, beliefs, moral laws, customs and habits that define the interactions in the society. Accordingly, the country culture influences the business culture and includes the collective programming the distinguish the member of one human group from another (Hofstede, 2001). In this case, British culture can be identified by the greetings, dress code, customer tastes

Open university assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open university assignment - Essay Example Private bills make up majority of the bills but are rarely passed compared to government bills and there are three ways to introduce a private member bill to the house. The first is where member put names in a ballot once per session and the ones who are chosen are given time to introduce the bill it is referred to as the private members ballot. The second is the Ten Minute rule where members are given ten minutes to outline the proposed new piece of legislation. The third is where standing order 57 where a bill is introduced without debate prior to a one day notice to the table notice (Craig, 2007). A bill goes through several stages before it becomes law; the first stage which is a formality is called the first reading. The second reading is where it is debated and may be voted in or voted out. The committee evaluates the bill clause by clause where further consideration comes. The speaker then decides on which amendments are to be debated. After the house has considered he bill the passage of motion follows and no further amendments are made this is where the third reading comes into play. The bill is read to the house for the third time and it must now be voted by the House of Lords, passage of the bill to one house it is taken to the other house. If the bill is passed by the two houses in similar form it’s then taken for the sovereign assent .The final stage is where the royal gives the assent and the bill becomes law. Delegated legislation refers to la w that is not passed through the act of parliament. The empowering act gives a minister delegated power to pass a law. Delegated law is usually made through signing by the minister or a senior member of the civil service who creates it though in some cases verbal assent from the queen is important. Most of the delegated legislation is created using statutory instrument where it is

Social Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Discrimination - Essay Example The need is to analyze three parties of the matter as virtue theory stresses over people. Helping vulnerable group in a company is moral and ethical. It is a healthy practice to aid vulnerable people. Once the black workers acquire skills, white workers will rethink about their attitude and black workers will be better paid and respected since the action is within moral grounds. Consequently, the action of Kaiser is ethical as the primary objective is to vanish discrimination within the company. More skills and knowledge would let the black workers acquire more influence. The experience of Weber is frustrating but the need is to coup with large scale issue. Most appropriate theory for the case is Utilitarian Theory and Justice Theory. The utility of black workers is higher than that of white workers. Hence ethical way is to provide more opportunities for the black workers. Considering Justice Theory, the present condition of the company shows inequality of the black workers. The theory suggests providing more opportunities to the black workers. The caring theory is also applicable while viewing the inter-racial relationship of the workers. It is ethically correct to enhance the position of black workers so they earn respect and stay in the equal relationship with the white workers. Virtue theory is also important in this context as the managers will deploy the existing method to reach equal level. Rights theory is least effective for the case of discrimination is ignored.

Open university assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open university assignment - Essay Example Private bills make up majority of the bills but are rarely passed compared to government bills and there are three ways to introduce a private member bill to the house. The first is where member put names in a ballot once per session and the ones who are chosen are given time to introduce the bill it is referred to as the private members ballot. The second is the Ten Minute rule where members are given ten minutes to outline the proposed new piece of legislation. The third is where standing order 57 where a bill is introduced without debate prior to a one day notice to the table notice (Craig, 2007). A bill goes through several stages before it becomes law; the first stage which is a formality is called the first reading. The second reading is where it is debated and may be voted in or voted out. The committee evaluates the bill clause by clause where further consideration comes. The speaker then decides on which amendments are to be debated. After the house has considered he bill the passage of motion follows and no further amendments are made this is where the third reading comes into play. The bill is read to the house for the third time and it must now be voted by the House of Lords, passage of the bill to one house it is taken to the other house. If the bill is passed by the two houses in similar form it’s then taken for the sovereign assent .The final stage is where the royal gives the assent and the bill becomes law. Delegated legislation refers to la w that is not passed through the act of parliament. The empowering act gives a minister delegated power to pass a law. Delegated law is usually made through signing by the minister or a senior member of the civil service who creates it though in some cases verbal assent from the queen is important. Most of the delegated legislation is created using statutory instrument where it is

How Luxury Brands Were Affected by Recession Essay Example for Free

How Luxury Brands Were Affected by Recession Essay Bovis homes group PLC, a leading UK house builder, had to review its corporate plans as a result of the recession and major cuts in government spending on building projects. Gives the high level of change in economic and political environments, is there any point in corporate planning? Justify your answer with reference to the house building industry and/or other organisations or industries you know that have been affected by such changes. (40 marks) Post 2007, global economy has been reeling under recession. Recessionary pressure began with United States economy slowing down; however it has spread globally affecting all countries in some way or the other. Income level, employment have been affected badly. Consumption levels have gone down drastically, which affected consumer dependant countries, such as the UK. Traditionally, luxury brands have not been affected by recession so much, since they have been catering to the higher end class, which is not so affected by the economic downturn. However, in recent past, the luxury has been catering to the inspirational customers, whose consumption patterns are affected due to economic recession. During times like these, companies usually dependant on corporate planning. Some of them in order to grow, others – to survive. Corporate planning is the process of drawing up detailed action plans to achieve an organizations goals and objectives, taking into account the resources of the organization and the environment within which it operates. Music and books retailer HMV Group became a company that was heavily affected by recession in 2008, as it had to close 60 UK stores in the next 12 months in response to declining sales. The 60 stores set to close represent roughly 10% of the groups UK High Street presence, which comprises 285 HMV shops and 312 Waterstones outlets. The massive store closure of outlets was an attempt to survive, as they has been hammered by competition from digital downloads as well as supermarkets and online retailers undercutting it on price. As well as the store closures, HMV said it would implement other cost-cutting measures that would save it a further ? 10m per year. However HMV’s corporate planning hasn’t proved to be successful, as it turns out HMVs share price has declined steadily throughout 2010, and the latest drop brings its cumulative fall to more than 75% over the last 13 months. Also the firms shares dropped 20% even further after it revealed the sales data, and admitted it was having trouble meeting the terms of a bank loan. As it turns out, HMV’s retail analyst didn’t expected music and DVD market falling that fast, despite their attempts to change their sales mix, offering iPods and live music in order to stay in the market. HMV is repeating Woolworths and Zavvi collapse during the recession. Fox described extremely difficult trading conditions with total sales of physical CDs and DVDs down 10% and 8% respectively against the same six-month period last year. Without a new console to fire the imagination the picture was even worse in video games where sales plunged 12%, a fall that was on top of the 30% slump seen in 2009. It is not that value is moving from physical to the digital sales – it is just that value is being lost, said Fox. Therefore the HMV is facing severe competition and tough times due to recession. Their corporate planning proved to be unsuccessful, they are trying to deal with already dead market, which don’t have any prerequisites to grow in the future. Poundland is complitely different business, with different approach and corporate plan, as they grow during the recession periods. They are aimed at consumer who requires value. Some of that is driven by the economy or the economic conditions, some of that is because the people have low disposable incomes and traditionally that’s been the case, and they have needed to seek value. During tough economic conditions, that was always the case. When US recession just took place, in 2008, poundland started to grow using external growth. At christmas 2008, when Woolworth post-administration 600 stores became available, poundland took 70 of those over three years. Big success from the very beginning was due to , very talented property team, who use a network of agents so they are are constantly searching for new opportunities of expansion. A number of other opportunities have arisen over the years as well and they have been able to convert those quite quickly because they had a new store opening team and a refurbishment programme, which really is about pie-cutting. So there’s a process. The average around 60 stores a year now, so over one a week, which I think is testament to the quality of the team, the sourcing of the stores and the continual improvement in the performance of the business, which of course helps finance those opportunities. In the recession – or difficult economic periods, all decisions needs to be discussed and implemented using professional team, which will make your business distinguish from arising competition. In the conclusion I would like to say that recession is not true for every business. As we have seen above, poundland did well during the recession period, as they targeting those on low-incomes and those, who willing to save, however a situation in a luxury industry differs: The wealthy are not much affected by economic downturn and to use luxury goods is a kind of addiction; it isnt easy to change the lifestyle even if personal income dropped. The Geneva motor show 2013 is happening right now. Rolls Royce is selling better than they did last year, as is Lamborghini. The Middle East, Russia do not seem to be feeling the crunch for the time being. The general feeling is that desire for the super luxury brands remains high but purchases are being delayed. Lamborghini always under produce and have enough orders to remain keep production going for a long time whilst mass to mid luxury car factories are laying off workers, that is the trend that works in the luxury sector. However, the middle-class luxury brands will be heavily affected due to concept that was stated above with an example of poundland. Surely some of them could be richer during the trouble times, but most are struggling and havent the mind to spend freely money for luxury items as before. The wealthy never stop spending, they just change what they spend their money on. For example companies like Hermes, Alfred Dunhill, Vacheron Constatine, and Botega Veneta are designed to be recession proof. Marc Jacobs and Chanel on the other hand will feel the pain. As stated above its all about client base and how corporate plan was developed and implemented.

The Study Of Solubility Equilibrium

The Study Of Solubility Equilibrium The first part of this experiment aims to determine the solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water, and thereby determine how the enthalpy and entropy change of the dissolution reaction, according to the equilibrium KHC4H4O6 (s) Ġº K+ (aq) + HC4H4O6- (aq) (1), changes with temperature. The second part of this experiment aims to examine the common ion effect through determination of the Ksp of KHC4H4O6 in potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution for varying K+ concentrations. Results I. Titrating 25.0cm3 of KHC4H4O6 solution with 0.07415M NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator gave the following results To determine Ksp at 302.15K: Amount of NaOH used = Average volume of NaOH used 0.07415M = 13.35 10-3 0.07415 = 9.899 10-4 mol = Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted Total volume of the solution = Average volume of NaOH used + 25.0 cm3 of HC4H4O6- solution = 13.35 + 25.0 = 38.35 cm3 Since [K+] = [HC4H4O6-], Ksp = [K+][HC4H4O6-] = [HC4H4O6-]2 = 0.25812 = 6.662-10-4 Table 1: Solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate at various temperatures Temperature / K Average VNaOH used / cm3 Amount of NaOH used / mol Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted / mol [HC4H4O6-] / mol dm-3 Solubility of HC4H4O6-/ mol dm-3 Ksp ln Ksp 1/T / K-1 282.5 6.65 0.0004931 0.004931 0.01558 0.01558 0.0002427 -8.324 0.003540 292 9.25 0.0006869 0.006869 0.02003 0.02003 0.0004010 -7.821 0.003425 302 13.35 0.0009899 0.009899 0.02581 0.02581 0.0006663 -7.314 0.003311 311.5 18.35 0.001361 0.01361 0.03139 0.03139 0.0009852 -6.923 0.003210 322.5 26.65 0.001976 0.01976 0.03826 0.03826 0.001464 -6.527 0.003101 Given that ΔG °reaction = ΔH °reaction TΔS °reaction - (2) and ΔG °reaction = RT ln K - (3), combining the two equations and rearranging gives us the linear function: - (4) Using the data obtained in this experiment to plot this linear function gives Graph 1 shown below: Graph 1: Linear curve of ln Ksp against 1/T Equation of line -ln Ksp = 4113(1/T) + 6.264 =- 4113 ΔH °reaction =- (- 4113 8.314) =+34 195 J mol-1 (4s.f.) =+34.195 kJ mol-1 Uncertainty (standard deviation) =  ± 105.3 8.314 =  ± 875.5 ΔH °reaction = + 34 195  ± 875.5 J mol-1 =6.264 ΔS °reaction =6.264 8.314 =+52.08 J K-1 mol-1 (4s.f.) Uncertainty (standard deviation) = ± 0.3497 8.314 =  ± 2.907 ΔS °reaction = + 52.08  ± 2.907 J K-1 mol-1 ΔG °reaction = [+ 34 195 T (+ 52.08)] J mol-1 Solubility of HC4H4O6- and Ksp increases with increasing temperature, and a positive ΔH °r value shows that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is an endothermic process. Since the magnitude of ΔS °r is smaller than that of ΔH °r, ΔG °r is always positive in the temperature range of 282.5K to 322.5K, as carried out in this experiment. This indicates that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is always non-spontaneous for this temperature range, and hence KHC4H4O6 is a sparingly soluble salt. II. Titration of KHC4H4O6 in KNO3 solutions of different concentrations with 0.07413M NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator at room temperature to observe the common ion effect gave the following results To determine the Ksp and solubility of HC4H4O6- at room temperature when [KNO3] = 0.01M: Amount of K+ from KNO3 = 0.01 70 10-3 = 7.00-10-4 mol Amount of NaOH used = 11.45 10-3 0.07413 = 8.508 10-4 mol = Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted Total amount of K+ = (7.00-10-4) + (8.508 10-4) = 1.55 10-3 mol Total volume = 25.0 + 11.45 = 36.45 cm3 [K+]total = Ksp = Table 2: Solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate at various potassium nitrate concentrations T / K [KNO3] / M Average volume of NaOH used / cm3 Amount of NaOH / mol Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted / mol Total amount of K+ / mol [K+]total / mol dm-3 Solubility of HC4H4O6- / mol dm-3 Ksp 301 0.01 11.45 0.0008509 0.0008509 0.001551 0.04255 0.02334 0.0009932 301 0.02 10.35 0.0007691 0.0007691 0.002169 0.06136 0.02176 0.001335 302 0.03 9.50 0.0007059 0.0007059 0.002806 0.08133 0.02046 0.001664 302 0.04 8.60 0.0006391 0.0006391 0.003439 0.1024 0.01902 0.001947 Graph 2: Graph of solubility of KHC4H4O6 (M) against [K+]total (M) The data obtained in this part of the experiment shows that solubility of HC4H4O6- decreases with increasing total K+ concentration for a given temperature (302K). This is due to the common ion effect the presence of the common ion K+ suppresses the dissociation of KHC4H4O6 according to (1), since K+ concentration is greater than the equilibrium KHC4H4O6 concentration. The greater the K+ concentration, the lesser the extent of dissociation of KHC4H4O6, and hence the less soluble HC4H4O6- is in water. Discussion The solubility of a substance is the amount of the substance dissolved in 1 L of its saturated solution for a given temperature. Ksp on the other hand, is the product of the ion concentrations raised to their respective powers on the dissolution equilibrium equation, and is constant for a given temperature. Since the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is an endothermic process, when temperature increases, the forward reaction is favoured to absorb the excess heat. This causes Ksp values to increase with increasing temperature, as observed, since concentration of products, i.e. [K+] and [HC4H4O6-], increases. The heat absorbed is used to overcome solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions, such that solute-solvent interactions can form during the dissolution process. Also, as a solid dissolves, entropy of the system is increased, since the greater number of liquid particles increases disorderliness. Hence as temperature increases, ΔG °r will be increasingly negative, indicating that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 gets increasingly spontaneous as temperature increases. In this experiment, ΔH °r and ΔS °r are assumed to be insignificantly dependent on temperature. ΔrH(T2) = ΔrH(T1) + (T2-T1) ΔrCp - (5) (Atkins, 2006) From Kirchhoffs law (5), ΔrH is dependent on temperature, assuming that constant-pressure heat capacities (Cp) is independent of temperature. For the above assumption to hold true, ΔrCp should be insignificant, i.e. (Cp) of the products and reactants should have approximately equal values. Since Cp is affected by how much of a substance there is in the solution the greater the number of particles, the greater the amount of heat energy needed to raise the overall temperature of the solution by 1K and the KHC4H4O6 solution used in titration is saturated, the amount of substance in the solution can be approximated to be the same. Thus, Cp of the products and reactants can be approximated to be the same, and hence ΔrCp is minimum. Similarly, since ΔS °r is dependent on Cp as well, we can assume it to be insignificantly dependent on temperature as well. For the above argument to hold true, the KHC4H4O6 solution used in titration must be saturated, and steps to ensure this should be taken one, continual swirling of the solution before filtration to ensure all solid has been dissolved; two, maintaining supposed temperature of the solution immediately before filtering, since the saturated solution is filtered in small portions; three, apparatus used to contain the filtrate must be dry such that the saturated solution is not diluted by the presence of any water. General titration techniques were also employed, such as rinsing apparatus with the solutions that they are to contain to ensure no contamination and accurate concentrations, as well as keeping the amount of phenolphthalein indicator, a weak acid, to a minimum, to prevent the lowering of the pH of the solution, which results in more than the required amount of NaOH needed to react with the saturated KHC4H4O6 solution. For Section 1 of this experiment, comparing experimental and literature Ksp values gives the following At approximately 302K: Literature value of solubility of KHC4H4O6 in water = 7.3693 103 kgsalt/kgwater (Lopes, 2001) Literature Ksp value = [(7.3693 103 gsalt/mlwater) à · (188.1772 g mol-1)]2 = (39.161 10-3 mol L-1)2 = 1.534 10-3 Experimental Ksp value (Section 1) = 6.663 10-4 Mean Ksp value (Section 2) = 1.485 10-3 The literature Ksp value in Section 1 of this experiment was 2.302 times higher than that of the experimental Ksp value at 302K. Besides, since Ksp is only dependent on temperature, Ksp values at the same temperature should be constant and independent of concentrations. The mean Ksp value obtained in the Section 2 of this experiment, however, was 2.229 times greater than that obtained in Section 1 of this experiment, though it only had a 3.300% difference from the literature Ksp value. The abnormally low Ksp value obtained in Section 1 of this experiment indicates less than expected K+ and HC4H4O6- concentrations in the solution, and can stem from either the effect of a deviation from temperature, or from the solution being unsaturated. However, the data obtained in this experiment showed an accurate trend expected of Ksp values for increasing temperature, hence eliminating temperature deviation as a possible source of error. Furthermore, this trend also reflects expected solubility trends, and is sufficient in demonstrating the aims of this experiment. Conclusion The aims of this experiment have been met, as shown by the increasing trend of Ksp values for increasing temperature, as well as the decreasing solubility of HC4H4O6- in water for increasing K+ concentration, due to the common ion effect. These combined prove that Ksp is only dependent on temperature, given that care has been taken to ensure a saturated solution when carrying out the experiment.